Maloclusiones funcionales y su relación con hábitos orales en niños con dentición mixta / Functional malocclusions and their association with oral habits in children with mixed dentition

Objetivo: Relacionar la prevalencia de maloclusiones funcionales con hábitos orales en niños con dentición mixta. Materiales y métodos: La muestra estuvo constituida por 61 pacientes que asistieron a la Facultad de Odontología de la UNNE entre los meses de abril y noviembre de 2018, seleccionados mediante un muestreo al Azar Sistemático. Se evaluó en ellos la presencia de maloclusiones funcionales como mordidas abiertas y cruzadas, líneas medias desviadas, apiñamiento dentario, resalte maxilar. Como hábitos orales se consideró la succión digital, interposición lingual y deglución atípica, interposición de labios y objetos, respiración bucal, onicofagia. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo empleando el software estadístico InfoStat Versión 2019 y para conocer la asociación entre las maloclusiones funcionales y los hábitos orales se emplearon pruebas de Chi cuadrado (nivel de signi- ficación de P ≤0,05). Resultados: Se observó la presencia de maloclusiones funcionales en un 64% de los niños, y se encontró que el api- ñamiento dentario fue el predominante con un 39%. La pre- valencia de hábitos orales fue de 66%, la interposición labial y de objetos fue la que se detectó con mayor frecuencia con un 39%. Se observó mayor presencia de mordida abierta en pacientes con hábitos parafuncionales como ser succión digi- tal e interposición lingual. La asociación entre maloclusiones funcionales y hábitos orales fue estadísticamente significativa (χ 2 = 6,17, P = 0.0130). Conclusión: Se identificó una alta prevalencia de malo- clusiones funcionales en niños con dentición mixta, asociadas a hábitos orales (AU)

Aim: To determine the association between prevalence of functional malocclusions and oral habits in children with mixed dentition. Materials and methods: The sample consisted of 61 patients who attended the UNNE School of Dentistry from April to November 2018, selected through systematic random sampling. Presence of functional malocclusions such as open bite, crossbite, deviated midlines, dental crowding, and maxil- lary protrusion were evaluated. The oral habits of finger suck- ing, lingual interposition and atypical swallowing, interposi- tion of lips and objects, mouth breathing, and onychophagia were considered. A descriptive analysis was performed using the Statistical Software InfoStat Version 2019. Chi-square tests were used to determine the association between function- al malocclusions and oral habits (significance level P ≤0.05). Results: Functional malocclusions were present in 64% of the children, with dental crowding being the most prevalent, in 39%. Prevalence of oral habits was found in 66%, with la- bial and object interposition having the highest frequency, in 39%. Open bite was more frequent in patients with parafunc- tional habits such as finger sucking and lingual interposition. The association between functional malocclusions and oral habits was statistically significant (χ2 = 6.17, P = 0.0130). Conclusion: High prevalence of functional malocclu- sions was identified in children with mixed dentition, associ- ated with oral habits (AU)

Factores hipotéticamente influyentes en la aparición del micrognatismo transversal en escolares / Hypothetically influential factors in the appearance of transverse micrognathism in schoolchildren / Fatores hipoteticamente influentes no aparecimento de micrognatismo transversal em escolares

RESUMEN El micrognatismo transversal es una anomalía de volumen de los maxilares en sentido transversal. El objetivo del trabajo fue determinar los factores hipotéticamente influyentes en la aparición del micrognatismo transversal en escolares. Se realizó un estudio de caso y control y otro cuasi-experimental, para evaluar los resultados del proyecto ramal acerca del tratamiento del micrognatismo transversal relacionado con hábitos bucales deformantes en escolares de la Escuela Primaria "Ciro Redondo" en el período de 2015 a 2018. Se estudiaron variables como: edad, sexo, nivel de conocimiento y hábitos bucales deformantes. Predominaron los niños de 8 años de edad con 37,36 %; el 58,24 % de las niñas presentó micrognatismo transversal; la respiración bucal mostró una clara asociación con la aparición de micrognatismo transversal; en los escolares con empuje lingual, el riesgo fue 6,80 (IC 95 % 3,90-11,80) veces mayor de padecer micrognatismo transversal; después de aplicada la fase de la intervención, se obtuvo un incremento en la categoría Bien con 172 escolares que representó el 75,44 % del total de la población de estudio y el 63,16 % de los padres fueron evaluados de Bien. Se concluye que los hábitos bucales deformantes que constituyeron factores de riesgo fueron la respiración bucal como factor con mayor influencia sobre la aparición del micrognatismo transversal, seguidos del empuje lingual, la succión digital y las edades de 8 y 9 años. Predominó el alto nivel de conocimiento de los escolares y de los padres o responsables luego de la intervención.

ABSTRACT Transverse micrognathism is a volume abnormality of the jaws in the transverse direction. The objective of the work was to determine the hypothetically influencing factors in the appearance of transverse micrognathism in schoolchildren. A case-control study and a quasi-experimental study were carried out to evaluate the results of the branch project on the treatment of transverse micrognathism related to deforming oral habits in schoolchildren from the "Ciro Redondo" Primary School in the period from 2015 to 2018. Variables such as: age, sex, level of knowledge and deforming oral habits were studied. 8-year-old children predominated with 37,36 %; 58,24% of the girls presented transverse micrognathism; mouth breathing showed a clear association with the appearance of transverse micrognathism; in schoolchildren with tongue thrusting, the risk was 6.80 (95% CI 3.90-11.80) times higher for transverse micrognathism; After applying the intervention phase, an increase was obtained in the Good category with 172 schoolchildren representing 75,44% of the total study population and 63,16% of the parents were evaluated as Good. It is concluded that the deforming oral habits that constituted risk factors were mouth breathing as the factor with the greatest influence on the appearance of transverse micrognathism, followed by tongue thrusting, digital suction, and the ages of 8 and 9 years. The high level of knowledge of the schoolchildren and of the parents or guardians after the intervention prevailed.

RESUMO Micrognatismo transversal é uma anormalidade de volume das mandíbulas na direção transversal. O objetivo do trabalho foi determinar os fatores de influência hipotética no aparecimento do micrognatismo transversal em escolares. Um estudo de caso-controle e um estudo quase experimental foram realizados para avaliar os resultados do projeto do ramo sobre o tratamento do micrognatismo transversal relacionado à deformação dos hábitos orais em escolares da Escola Primária "Ciro Redondo" no período de 2015 a 2018. Foram estudadas variáveis ​​como: idade, sexo, nível de conhecimento e hábitos orais deformadores. As crianças de 8 anos predominaram com 37,36%; 58,24% das meninas apresentaram micrognatismo transversal; a respiração bucal mostrou uma associação clara com o aparecimento de micrognatismo transversal; em escolares com impulso de língua, o risco foi 6,80 (IC95% 3,90-11,80) vezes maior para micrognatismo transversal; Após a aplicação da fase de intervenção, obteve-se um aumento na categoria Bom, com 172 escolares representando 75,44% da população total do estudo e 63,16% dos pais foram avaliados como Bom. Conclui-se que os hábitos bucais deformadores que constituíram fatores de risco foram a respiração bucal como o fator de maior influência no aparecimento do micrognatismo transverso, seguido de estiramento da língua, sucção digital e idades de 8 e 9 anos. O alto nível de conhecimento dos escolares e dos pais ou responsáveis ​​após a intervenção prevaleceu.

Prevalence of an incompetent lip seal during growth periods throughout Japan: a large-scale, survey-based, cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND@#Systemic and local factors may lead to disruption of craniofacial growth and development, causing an imbalance between the orofacial skeleton, muscle and soft tissue, dental occlusion, and the dental arch during growth periods. We aimed to reveal whether the prevalence of incompetent lip seal (ILS) varies with age and region, as well as to clarify the factors related to an ILS, in a national, large-scale epidemiological study.@*METHODS@#We surveyed 3399 children, from 3 to 12 years of age, visiting 66 pediatric dental clinics throughout Japan. For this survey, we employed a questionnaire consisting of 44 questions regarding daily health conditions and lifestyle habits. We evaluated the differences in ILS prevalence by age and region (using a Cochran-Armitage test for trend and a Kruskal-Wallis test), and the relationship between ILS and factors investigated in the questionnaire (using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient).@*RESULTS@#We observed that 30.7% of Japanese children exhibited an ILS and that the ILS rate increased with age (p < 0.001). There were no regional differences in the rate of ILS in Japanese children (p = 0.506). We revealed that 12 of 44 survey items exhibited a statistically significant correlation with ILS (p < 0.001), using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. These items involved orofacial morphology, mouth breathing, and possibly, allergic rhinitis.@*CONCLUSION@#The rate of ILS seems to increase with age in children, throughout Japan. Therefore, this disorder may not self-correct during the growth periods in these children. Guidelines are required for pediatric dentists to recognize ILS among children aged 3-12 years.

Prevalencia de lesiones bucales en tejido blando encontradas en la Clínica de Estomatología de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad de los Andes: periodo 2015-2018 / Prevalence of oral lesions in soft tissue found in the Clinic of Stomatology of the Faculty of Dentistry of the University of los Andes: 2015-2018 period

Introducción: La epidemiología sobre alteraciones en tejidos blandos bucales es limitada cuando se compara con caries, enfermedades periodontales y maloclusiones, por lo que su estudio representa un paso adelante en la odontología más allá de los dientes. Objetivo: Describir la prevalencia de las lesiones bucales en tejido blando encontradas en la Clínica de Estomatología de la Facultad de Odontología de la ULA, del 2015 al 2018, con la finalidad de proporcionar una fuente de datos actualizada, que oriente a una mejor prevención y oportuno diagnóstico. Material y métodos: Se realizó una investigación descriptiva, documental, retrospectiva y multivariable. Resultados: De 1,000 fichas clínicas estudiadas, las patologías más frecuentes fueron: lengua saburral (50.6%), queilitis (33.4%), traumatismo de la mucosa de los carrillos (27.6%), várices linguales (18.3%), anquiloglosia (13.7%) y agrandamiento de rugas palatinas (11.7%). La zona con mayor alteración fue la lengua (92.1%), mientras que el paladar fue la menos afectada (29%). De los hábitos predisponentes a la formación de lesiones, el mordisqueo de mucosa fue el más común (16.5%). En cuanto a los factores locales asociados, una higiene oral regular/ deficiente resultó el principal (53.8%). Conclusión: La educación del paciente sigue siendo considerada la clave para disminuir la aparición de patologías y su evolución a entidades más graves (AU)

Introduction: Epidemiological studies on soft tissue alterations in the mouth are limited when compared with caries, periodontal diseases and malocclusions, so their study represents a step forward in dentistry beyond the teeth. Objective: To describe the prevalence of soft tissue oral lesions found in the Stomatology Clinic of the ULA School of Dentistry, from 2015 to 2018, in order to provide an up-to-date data source, to guide better prevention and timely diagnosis. Material and methods: A descriptive and documentary, retrospective and multivariable research was carried out. The statistical package IBM SPSS Statistics v 23 was applied for the analysis. Results: 1,000 clinical records studied, the most frequent pathologies were: saburral tongue (50.6%), cheilitis (33.4%), traumatism of the cheek mucosa (27.6%), lingual varices (18.3%), ankyloglossia (13.7%) and enlargement of palatal rugas (11.7%). The tongue was the most affected (92.1%), while the palate was the least affected (29%). Of the predisposing habits to the formation of lesions, mucosal nipping was the most common (16.5%). Regarding the associated local factors, a regular / deficient oral hygiene was the main one (53.8%). Conclusion: Patient education is still considered the key to diminish not only the appearance of pathologies but their evolution to more serious entities (AU)

Salud bucal, higiene y hábitos bucales en personas con trastorno del espectro autista / Oral health, hygiene practices and oral habits of people with autism spectrum disorder

ABSTRACT Introduction: People with autism spectrum disorder have a higher risk of dental complications due to the characteristics of the condition itself. Objective: To describe the oral health status, hygiene practices and oral habits of a group of Chilean children, adolescents and adults with autism spectrum disorder. Methods: A descriptive study was conducted of 123 subjects with autism spectrum disorder. A questionnaire was applied which dealt with socio-demographic information, dental history, oral hygiene practices and oral habits. Each participating subject underwent oral examination to determine their experience with and prevalence of caries, scores on the Simplified Oral Hygiene Index and the gingival index, and the presence of dental trauma, deep/ogival palate, anterior open bite, and anterior and posterior crossbite. Results: 48 percent of the subjects with autism spectrum disorder brushed twice a day, and 68.0 percent required assisted tooth-brushing; 94.3 percent had oral habits, of which bruxism and oral breathing were the most frequent, accounting for 57.7 percent and 52.9 percent, respectively. Prevalence of caries was 33.3 percent, the dental caries index for permanent dentition was 1.1 ± 1.8, and the dental caries index for deciduous and permanent dentition was 2.6 ± 3.3. OHI-S for the 123 subjects was 1.30 ± 0.58. Conclusions: Most subjects required assistance with tooth-brushing and brushed twice a day. Bruxism and oral breathing were the most prevalent oral habits. A low prevalence of caries, a very low dental caries index for permanent dentition and a fair Oral Hygiene Index were observed in the 123 subjects with autism spectrum disorder(AU)

RESUMEN Introducción: Las personas con trastorno del espectro autista tienen un mayor riesgo de presentar complicaciones dentales, debido a las características propias de la enfermedad. Objetivo: Describir el estado de salud bucal, hábitos de higiene y hábitos bucales de un grupo de niños, adolescentes y adultos chilenos con trastorno del espectro autista. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de 123 sujetos con trastorno del espectro autista. Se aplicó un cuestionario sobre información socio-demográfica, antecedentes dentales, hábitos de higiene bucal y hábitos bucales, y se realizó un examen odontológico a cada participante para determinar la experiencia y prevalencia de caries, la puntuación según el índice de higiene bucal simplificado y el índice gingival, así como la presencia de traumatismo dentario, paladar profundo/ojival, mordida abierta anterior y mordida cruzada anterior y posterior. Resultados: El 48 por ciento de los sujetos con trastorno del espectro autista se cepillaba dos veces al día y el 68,0 por ciento tenía un cepillado asistido. El 94,3 por ciento presentaba hábitos bucales, de los cuales los más frecuentes eran el bruxismo con 57,7 por ciento y la respiración bucal con 52,9 por ciento. La prevalencia de caries fue de 33,3 por ciento, el índice total de caries en dentición permanente de 1,1 ± 1,8 y el índice total de caries en dentición temporal y permanente de 2,6 ± 3,3. El índice de higiene bucal simplificado para los 123 sujetos fue de 1,30 ± 0,58. Conclusiones: La mayor parte de los sujetos tenían un cepillado asistido y lo realizaban dos veces al día. Los hábitos bucales más prevalentes fueron el bruxismo y la respiración bucal. En los 123 sujetos con trastorno del espectro autista se observó una baja prevalencia de caries, un índice total de caries en dentición permanente muy bajo y un índice de higiene bucal regular(AU)

El quad-hélix, un aparato versátil / The quad-hélix, a versatile appliance

El quad-hélix (QH) es un aparato de expansión maxilar, fabricado con alambre de acero inoxidable soldado a bandas en molares, que dispone de espirales o hélices que aumentan la longitud de alambre del aparato, lo que lo hace muy elástico y aligera la magnitud de la fuerza sobre los dientes, es ampliamente usado tanto en dentición mixta como en permanente temprana, fácil de fabricar, higiénico y bien tolerado por los pacientes. Su principal acción es mover hacia vestibular los procesos dentoalveolares de la arcada maxilar, influyendo secundariamente en la expansión de la sutura palatina media en pacientes con dentición mixta o permanente temprana. El QH es muy práctico y tiene muchos usos y adaptaciones y se puede utilizar como auxiliar en el tratamiento de problemas de hábito de dedo o lengua, para abrir mordida, rotar y dar torque a molares permanentes o para mover sólo un diente en particular. En este artículo describimos una nueva aplicación del QH que consiste en la tracción, de dientes anteriores superiores permanentes retenidos, después del abordaje quirúrgico para localizarlos. También revisaremos las indicaciones, contraindicaciones, ventajas y desventajas del aparato QH soldado a bandas en molares así como su elaboración, variantes y forma de activación (AU)

The quad-helix (QH) is a maxillary expansion appliance, manufactured with stainless steel wire welded to bands in molars, which has spirals or helix to increase the length of wire of the device, which makes it very elastic and lightens the magnitude of the force on the teeth, is widely used both in mixed and in early permanent dentition, is easy to manufacture, hygienic and well tolerated by patients. Its major action is to move towards the dentoalveolar process of the maxillary arcade, secondarily influencing the expansion of the middle palatal suture in young patients with mixed or permanent early dentition. The QH is very practical and has many uses and adaptations as an aid in the treatment of problem of thumb sucking or tongue habit, to open bite, to rotate and torque permanent molars or to move only one particular tooth. In this article we describe a new application of the QH that consist of the traction or retained permanent upper teeth, after surgical approach to locate them. We will also review the indications, contraindications, advantages and disadvantages of the QH welded to molar bands, as well as its construction, variants and activation form (AU)

Oral Health Status and Habits among 6 - 13 Years Old Children with Limited Access to Dental Care in South Jeddah

The objective of this research was to assess oral health status and habits and to explore potential risk factors for dentalcaries among 6-13 years old children with limited access to dental care. A cross-sectional design was used to screen asample of 563 intermediate school children with limited access to oral health care in the Al-Khomrah district, south Jeddah,Saudi Arabia. A stratified random sample was selected and data was collected using an interview questionnaire withextraoral and intraoral examination. The examination aimed at detection of oral health conditions regarding oral hygienestatus, habits, decayed, missing and filled teeth and treatment needs. Treatment of simple and emergency cases wasperformed in the mobile clinic and severe cases were referred to King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Dentistry (KAUFD).The study included 262 males (46.5%) and 301 females (53.3%) with a mean age of 10.99 + 2.07 years. The prevalence ofdecayed, missing or filled primary teeth was 59.1%, 2.5%, and 3.4%, respectively. The corresponding values for permanentteeth were 65.9%, 4.3% and 7.6%, respectively. Males had significantly higher prevalence of caries than females. Theyounger age groups, in case of primary teeth and the older age groups, in case of permanent teeth had significantly higherprevalence of dental caries. The median dmft (95% CI) was 2 (1-2) and the median DMFT (95% CI) was 2 (2-3).Multinomial multiple logistic regression indicated that intensity of primary teeth caries decreased with increasing age andbrushing teeth at least once a day and increased with male gender, living in rented house or having poor oral hygiene. Asregards permanent teeth, the likelihood of having more severe caries increased by child’s age, below secondary schooleducated fathers and/or mothers, being a male, and with poor oral hygiene. Dental caries prevalence and intensity weremoderate among the examined group. Males had significantly higher caries prevalence and intensity than females.

Parafunctional oral habits and primary dentition characteristics in a group of preschool children from Tlaquepaque, Jalisco, Mexico / Hábitos orales parafuncionales y características de la dentición primaria en un grupo de preescolares de Tlaquepaque, Jalisco, México

The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between some characteristics of primary dentition, and the frequency of parafunctional oral habits, with age and sex. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in a sample of 227 preschool children. Subjects' parents or guardians were asked to sign an informed consent form. The epidemiological survey consisted of an oral examination and the application of a questionnaire (Cronbach's alpha=0.881), after calibration of a dentist (Kappa=0.932). To measure the reliability of the questionnaire, Cronbach's alpha was calculated, and for the associations, Mantel and Haenszel Square Chi-square test and likelihood ratio for contingency tables greater than 2x2 values were calculated. Results: Type 2 arch (72.7%), mouth breathing (26.0%) and onychophagia (17.2%) were the risk factors observed more frequently in the group under study. The type of arch was the only variable that was associated with sex (X2MH=4.443, p=0.035). Conclusion: A significant proportion of the subjects had at least one risk factor that may alter the development of dental occlusion; consequently, the implementation of preventive actions in this population must be considered.

Objetivo. Evaluar algunas características de la dentición primaria, así como la frecuencia de hábitos orales parafuncionales y su asociación con la edad y el sexo. Material y Métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal en una muestra de 227 preescolares bajo autorización expresa de sus padres. La encuesta epidemiológica estuvo conformada por el examen bucal y la aplicación de un cuestionario (alfa de Cronbach=0,881), previa estandarización de una Cirujana Dentista (Kappa=0,932). Para medir la fiabilidad del cuestionario se calculó el valor del alfa de Cronbach y para las asociaciones la Chi cuadrada de Mantel y Haenszel y el valor de Razón de verosimilitud para tablas de contingencia mayores de 2X2. Resultados. La arcada tipo 2 (72,7%), la respiración bucal (26,0%) y la onicofagia (17,2%) fueron los factores de riesgo que fueron observados con mayor frecuencia en los niños. El tipo de arcada fue la única variable que estuvo asociada con el sexo (X2MH=4,443, p=0,035). Conclusiones. Una proporción alta de los niños encuestados presentó al menos un factor de riesgo para alterar el desarrollo de la oclusión dental, razón por la cual debe considerarse la necesidad de aplicar acciones de carácter preventivo en esta población.

Preterm birth, pacifier use and breastfeeding: is there a relationship?

Abstract The immaturity of born to preterm infants may predispose to sucking difficulties. This research aimed to evaluate if pacifier use is associated with preterm birth and influenced in type of infant feeding. This comparative cross-sectional study was conducted in Belo Horizonte, Brazil and evaluated 250 children aged 3 to 5 years. As a sample, two groups were established: the normal term children group (n=125) was selected at a day-care centre and the group of preterm children (125) was identified at a public university hospital with a preterm care project from birth to seven years of age. To collect data, a pre-tested questionnaire regarding information on gestational age, infant development, infant feeding and non-nutritive sucking habits was used for both groups. Bivariate and multivariate Poisson regression was used for the statistical analysis. Pacifier use was more prevalent in the preterm group (PR=1.20, 95% CI=1.02-1.42) who used the bottle (PR=1.38, 95% CI=1.15-1.64) and were breastfed for less than six months (PR=1.19, 95% CI=1.01-1.41). The majority of breastfed infants were of normal term birth (PR=1.14, 95% CI=1.04-1.20) and had monthly family income greater than USD 450.28 (RP= 1.10, 95% CI=1.01-1.20). In this study, pacifier use was more prevalent among preterm infants and associated with less than six months of breastfeeding and used of bottle. Monthly family income was associated with a prevalence of breastfeeding.

Resumo A imaturidade no nascimento para pretermos pode os predispor a dificuldades de sucção. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar se o uso de chupeta está associado ao nascimento prematuro e ao tipo de alimentação infantil. Este estudo transversal comparativo foi realizado em Belo Horizonte, Brasil e avaliou 250 crianças de 3 a 5 anos. A amostra foi composta por dois grupos: o grupo de crianças nascidas a termo (n = 125) que foi selecionado em uma creche e o grupo de crianças pré-termo (125) que foi contatado em um hospital universitário público vinculado a um projeto de cuidados pré-termo desde o nascimento até os sete anos de idade. Para coletar dados, um questionário pretextado sobre informações da idade gestacional, desenvolvimento infantil, alimentação infantil e hábitos de sucção não nutritiva foram utilizados para ambos os grupos. Análises bivariada e Regressão de Poisson multivariada foram utilizadas para a análise estatística. O uso de chupeta foi mais prevalente no grupo pré-termo (RP = 1,20, IC95% = 1,02-1,42), que usou a mamadeira (RP = 1,38; IC95% = 1,15-1,64) e foram amamentados ao seio por menos de seis meses (RP = 1,19, 95% IC = 1,01-1,41). A maioria das crianças amamentadas ao seio nasceram a termo (RP = 1,14, 95% IC = 1,04-1,20) e com renda familiar mensal maior que USD 450,28 (RP = 1,10, 95% IC = 1,01-1,20). Neste estudo, o uso de chupeta foi mais prevalente entre os prematuros e associado com a amamentação ao seio por menos de seis meses e uso de mamadeira. A renda familiar mensal associou-se a uma prevalência de prática da amamentação ao seio.

Hábitos Deformantes Orales en Preescolares y Escolares: Revisión Sistemática / Mouth Deforming Habits Present in Preschoolers and School Children: Systematic Review

RESUMEN: Los hábitos deformantes orales son una de las principales causas de las maloclusiones, entre los más frecuentes tenemos: la succión digital, el empuje lingual, la onicofagia, la queilofagia, la respiración oral y la masticación de objetos. El objetivo de este estudio fué efectuar una evaluación y análisis de la evidencia científica disponible actualizada en los últimos 7 años sobre los hábitos deformantes orales en preescolares y escolares de 3 a 12 años de edad. Se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura en bases de datos referativos como: Scielo, LILACS, GOOGLE ACADÉMICO, en artículos publicados sobre hábitos orales deformantes presentes en niños preescolares y escolares de 3 a 12 años de edad, con fechas de publicación que datan del 2010 al 2017, no hubo restricción en cuanto a sexo o zona geográfica. Se encontró una alta incidencia de hábitos deformantes orales en países de América latina, Centro américa y el Caribe; en países como Cuba la incidencia fue muy alta, el hábito que tuvo mayor prevalencia en la muestra fue la Onicofagia seguido de la disfunción lingual, resultados similares se reflejaron en países como Venezuela, México y Colombia. Los resultados de esta revisión evidencian la importancia del estudio de los hábitos deformantes orales, los cuales constituyen una de las principales causas de las maloclusiones, que a su vez son el tercer problema de salud bucodental. En su gran mayoría, de los artículos tomados como referencia demostraron que no existe una diferencia estadísticamente significativa respecto al sexo y la prevalencia de hábitos parafuncionales. Se destaca la importancia de implementar nuevos proyectos de investigación respecto a los hábitos parafuncionales en la población preescolar y escolar, acompañado de programas educativo en nuestro país Ecuador, ya que en la actualidad fueron pocas las publicaciones que pudimos tomar de referencia.

ABSTRACT: Mouth deforming habits are one of the principal causes for malocclusions, among the most frequent are: Digital suction, lingual push, Onychophagia, Cheilophagia, mouth breathing, and chewing objects. The objective of the study was to execute a valuation and analysis of the available scientific evidence updated during the last seven years, regarding mouth deforming habits present in preschoolers and school children between the ages of 3 to 12 years old. A systematic review of the literature found in data basis such as: SCIELO, LILACS, ACADEMIC GOOGLE, published articles from the years 2010 and 2017 regarding mouth deforming habits present in preschoolers and school children between the ages of 3 to 12 years old. There was no restriction regarding sex or the geographical zones. A very high incidence of mouth deforming habits was found in regions such as Latin America, Central America, and the Caribbean. In countries such as Cuba the incidence was alarming. The deforming habit with mayor presence in the sample under review was Onychophagia, followed by lingual dysfunction. Results like these were also found in Venezuela, Mexico and Colombia. The results from this review showed the importance to study the mouth deforming habits, which are the main cause of malocclusion. At the same time, these habits are the third cause of many oral health problems. For the most part, the articles taken as reference for the review showed that a there was no significant statistical difference between sex and the prevalence of parafunctional habit. The importance of the implementation of new investigation projects focusing on parafunctional habits in the preschoolers and school children is highlighted. This must be accompanied by educational programs in our country Ecuador, since there were very few published articles available for this study.

Salud bucal y funcionamiento familiar en personas del municipio Plaza de la Revolución de La Habana, Cuba / Oral Health and Family Functioning among Individuals from the Plaza de la Revolución Municipality of Havana, Cuba

Antecedentes: La familia constituye el espacio por excelencia para el desarrollo de la identidad humana y es el primer grupo de socialización del individuo. En ella la persona adquiere sus primeras experiencias, hábitos, valores y concepciones del mundo, incluyendo la salud. Objetivo: Analizar el estado de salud bucal de las personas en relación con el funcionamiento familiar. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo con 84 sujetos de 20 familias pertenecientes a un consultorio odontológico del municipio Plaza de la Revolución de la ciudad de La Habana, Cuba. Los pacientes contestaron encuestas de funcionamiento familiar y hábitos bucales y recibieron evaluación clínica domiciliaria (p=0,05, Chi2). Resultados: Predominó el edentulismo (53,57 %) que fue más común en personas de familias disfuncionales. El 70,24 % tenía mala higiene bucal. La mayoría de quienes tenían buena higiene bucal (88 %) pertenecían a familias funcionales. El 51,19 % se cepillaba los dientes solo dos veces al día, principalmente en aquellos de familias disfuncionales. 22,62 % de las personas informó no consumir alimentos azucarados, la mayoría de ellos de familias funcionales. El 82,05 % acudía al estomatólogo solamente cuando tenía una urgencia y eran todos de familias disfuncionales. Conclusión: El funcionamiento familiar se asoció a la salud bucal de las personas estudiadas. Se recomienda crear programas educativos de salud bucal con un enfoque familiar.

Background: Family is the space par excellence for the development of human identity and is a person's first socialization group. People have their first experiences, habits, values, and world perceptions, including health, within the family core. Purpose: To analyze oral health status of individuals regarding family functioning. Methods: A descriptive study with 84 persons of 20 families who belonged to the dental office of the Plaza de la Revolution municipality in Havana Cuba was carried out. Patients responded family functioning and oral habits surveys and underwent at-home clinical evaluations (p=0.05, Chi2). Results: Edentulism was predominant (53.57 %) mainly among individuals from dysfunctional families. 70.24 % had poor oral hygiene; however, most of those with good oral hygiene (88.00 %) belonged to functional families. 51.19 % only brushed their teeth twice a day, mainly from dysfunctional families. 22.62 % of patients reported not consuming sugary foods, most of whom belonged to functional families. 82.05 % informed seeing the dentist only when they had an dental emergency, all of them from dysfunctional families. Conclusion: Family functioning showed association with oral health status among the individuals studied. It is advisable to create family-focused preventive oral health programs.

Factores de riesgo asociados a hábitos bucales deformantes en niños / Risk Factors Associated with Deforming Oral Habits in Children

Introducción: los hábitos bucales deformantes tienen su origen dentro del sistema neuromuscular; constituyendo patrones reflejos de naturaleza compleja que se aprenden. Objetivo: identificar los factores de riesgo asociados a hábitos bucales deformantes en niños. Método: se realizó un estudio transversal en el período comprendido de septiembre de 2014 a febrero de 2015. Se escogieron 180 niños en las edades comprendidas entre 8 y 11 años, pertenecientes al área de salud del Policlínico Docente Pedro Díaz Coello de Holguín, que visitaron voluntariamente la consulta para participar en la investigación. Los resultados se presentaron en tablas estadísticas. Resultados: hubo predominio de niños con hábitos bucales deformantes en el sexo femenino (57,2%) y en la edad de 10 años (37,2%), predominó como hábito deformante la lengua protráctil (39,2%) y se consideran condiciones de riesgo en la presencia de hábitos bucales deformantes variables socio biológicas de las madres y los niños, la no experiencia de lactancia materna exclusiva (57,2%) y el mal funcionamiento familiar (61,1%). El nivel de escolaridad de la madre que predominó fue el preuniversitario o técnico medio (60,6%). Conclusiones: se identificaron como factores de riesgo asociados a los hábitos bucales deformantes el mal funcionamiento familiar y la no lactancia materna.

Introduction: the deforming oral habits have their origin in the neuromuscular system, constituting reflex patterns of a complex nature that are learned. Objective: to identify the risk factors associated to deforming oral habits in children. Method: a cross-sectional observational study was carried out between September 2014 and February 2015. For this 180 children between the ages of 8 and 11 from the Pedro Diaz Coello Teaching Polyclinic health area of the in Holguín were selected, who voluntarily visited the consultation to participate in the research. The results were presented in statistical tables Results: the prevalence of children with deforming oral habits were from the female sex (57.2%) and in the age of 10 years (37.2%), prevailed as deforming habits the tongue thrusting (39.2%). Other risk conditions in the deforming oral habits were the socio biological variables of mothers and children as they do not have experience on breastfeeding (57.2%) and a wrong function of the family (61.1%). High school and technician were the mothers´ school level that prevailed (60.6%). Conclusions: family malfunction and non-breastfeeding were identified as risk factors associated with deforming oral habits.

Hábitos bucales deformantes y maloclusiones en niños del Policlínico Máximo Gómez / Deforming Oral Habits and Malocclusions in Children of Máximo Gómez Polyclinic

Introducción: los hábitos bucales deformantes obstaculizan en el patrón regular de crecimiento facial y suelen provocar anomalías dentomaxilofaciales. Objetivo: determinar la afectación por hábitos bucales deformantes y las alteraciones oclusales en niños de 0-11 años de edad del Policlínico Máximo Gómez del municipio Holguín. Método: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal, en 132 niños seleccionados por muestreo estratificado a fijación igual, pareado por sexos. Se determinó el grupo de edad y sexo más afectado, dividiéndose en los grupos de edades de 0-4 y 5-11 años de edad. Resultados: el hábito bucal deformante detectado con mayor frecuencia resultó el chupeteo de tete y biberón (69,69%), seguido del empuje lingual (62,87%) y la succión del pulgar u otros dedos (45,45%), en tanto que las alteraciones oclusales en orden decreciente resultaron la distoclusión molar en 54 pacientes para el 40,90%, seguido de la labioversión con diastema (27,27%) y el apiñamiento inferior (25,75%). Se observaron 101 niños (76,51%) con alguna de las alteraciones oclusales estudiadas y el grupo etario de 5-11 años resultó el más afectado. Conclusiones: los hábitos bucales deformantes fueron una práctica muy arraigada en la población infantil, particularmente el chupeteo de tete, biberón y fueron causa de gran número de alteraciones de la oclusión, predominando la distoclusión molar, más frecuentes en el grupo de 5-11 años de edad y el sexo masculino.

Introduction: deforming oral habits interfere in the regular facial growth and usually cause dental and maxillofacial deformities. Objective: to determine the affectation of deforming oral habits and occlusal alterations in children of 0-11 years of aged at Máximo Gómez Policlinic in Holguín municipality. Methods: a descriptive cross sectional study was carried out in 132 children selected by stratified sampling to equal, twin fixation by sexes. The most affected group or sex was also determined, dividing them into two groups 0-4 and 5-11 years old according to age. Results: sucking the pacifier and the nursing bottle were the most common habits (69.69%), followed by atypical swallow (62.87%) or sucking the thumb or other fingers (45.45%). Distocclusion molar relationship was observed in 54 patients (40.90%), followed by marked overjet with spaces between teeth (27.27%) and inferior crowding (25.75%). 101 studied children (76.51%) with some of the occlusal alterations were observed and the group of 5-11 years old was the most affected one. Conclusions: deforming oral habits were an strengthen practice in childhood, in particular the sucking of pacifier an the nursing bottle and were the cause a great number of dental malocclusions, being distocclussion malocclusion the most frequent alteration in the age group between 5 - 11 years old more affected age group as well as the male sex.

Hábitos bucais deletérios e suas consequências em Odontopediatria / Deleterious oral habits and its consequences in Pediatric Dentistry

Objetivo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi revisar a literatura vigente sobre os hábitos bucais deletérios e suas consequências em Odontopediatria. Material e Métodos: Para isso, foi realizada uma busca nas bases de dados Bireme e Pubmed/MEDLINE, utilizando como palavras-chave: sistema estomatognático, hábitos bucais e Odontopediatria. Resultados: Pode-se observar que os hábitos bucais (nutritivos e não nutritivos) encontram-se diretamente relacionados com as funções do sistema estomatognático, acarretando em inadequações no posicionamento dos maxilares, lábios, língua e palato, alterações no desenvolvimento e posição dos dentes, problemas de fala e na respiração e alterações nos movimentos necessários para mastigar e deglutir os alimentos. Conclusão: Conclui-se que é de extrema importância um diagnóstico precoce e um trabalho multidisciplinar para uma possível remoção do hábito bucal deletério e suas consequências.

Objective: The aim of this study was to review the current literature about the deleterious oral habits and their consequences in Pediatric Dentistry. Material and Methods: For that, a search was performed in the Bireme and Pubmed/MEDLINE databases, using the keywords: stomatognathic system, oral habit and pediatric dentistry. Results: It was observed that oral habits (nutritious and non-nutritious) are directly related to the functions of stomatognathic system, causing consequences such as inadequacy in the positioning of the jaws, lips, tongue and palate, changes in development and position of teeth, speech problems and breathing and changes in the necessary movements to chew and swallow food. Conclusion: It can be concluded that is extremely important an early diagnosis and multidisciplinary work for possible removal of deleterious oral habits and their consequences.

Programa educativo sobre hábitos bucales deformantes en escolares del seminternado Juan José Fornet Piña / Education Program on Deforming Oral Habits in Students of Juan José Fornet Piña School

Introducción: para el logro de la salud bucal es importante el control de los hábitos bucales deformantes, comunes en los niños por su repercusión en el desarrollo, como indudable causa primaria o secundaria, de maloclusiones que provocan deformaciones tanto en el orden biológico, psíquico, como social y económico. Objetivo: evaluar la efectividad de un programa educativo sobre hábitos bucales deformantes. Método: se realizó un estudio cuasiexperimental de intervención antes y después en escolares de tercer y cuarto grado del seminternado Juan José Fornet Piña durante el período de enero de 2011 a enero 2012. El universo estuvo constituido por 320 escolares y la muestra quedó conformada por 90 escolares, de ellos, 44 hembras y 46 varones que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Se aplicó un cuestionario, antes y después de la intervención, para medir el nivel de conocimiento sobre hábitos bucales deformantes encontrándose al inicio que 82 escolares (91,11 %) poseían conocimiento inadecuado, por lo que se realizó un programa de actividades mediante técnicas educativas y afectivo-participativas, juegos didácticos y un software educativo (Softdent versión 1.0), que permitieron proporcionarles un grado de información factible para elevar su nivel de conocimiento. Resultados: se logró que 78 escolares (86,67 %) adquirieran un nivel de conocimiento adecuado con predominio en el sexo femenino. Solo 12 (13,33 %) lo mantuvieron inadecuado. Las diferencias observadas antes y después fueron altamente significativas (p<0,05) en todos los temas. Conclusiones: la intervención educativa fue efectiva al obtener con participación consciente, resultados satisfactorios en el nivel de conocimientos sobre hábitos bucales deformantes, por lo que se recomienda generalizar este programa educativo en las diferentes áreas de salud.

Introduction: to achieve oral health it is important to control deforming oral habits, which is common in children because of its effect on their development, and undoubted it is the primary or secondary cause of malocclusions which cause deformations in the biological, psychological social and economic aspects. Objective: to evaluate the effectiveness of an education program on deforming oral habits. Method: a quasi-experimental study was performed before and after the intervention in third and fourth grade children of Juan José Fornet Piña School from January 2011 to January 2012. The universe consisted of 320 children and the sample was composed of 90, of which 44 were females and 46 males, who met the inclusion criteria. A questionnaire was applied before and after the intervention to measure the level of knowledge on deforming oral habits. At the beginning 82 students (91.11 %) had inadequate knowledge, a program on activities through affective educational and participatory techniques, learning games and educational software (Softdent version 1.0) was developed, which allowed a degree of providing feasible to improve the children´s level of awareness. Results: 78 students (86.67 %) acquired an adequate knowledge predominantly in females. Only 12 (13.33%) remained inadequate knowledge. The differences observed before and after were highly significant (p < 0.05) in all subjects. Conclusions: the educational intervention was effective to obtain conscious, satisfactory level of knowledge about deforming oral habits. To generalize this educational program in different health areas was recommended.

Influencia de la lactancia materna sobre la aparición de maloclusiones en escolares de 5 a 6 años / Influence of breast feeding on the occurrence of malocclusions in 5-6 years school children

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal de 106 escolares de 5 a 6 años de la escuela primaria "José de la Luz y Caballero", del municipio de Contramaestre, desde noviembre de 2010 hasta enero de 2011, con vistas a valorar la influencia de la lactancia materna en la aparición de maloclusiones, para lo cual se analizaron variables de interés para la investigación. En la serie predominaron el sexo femenino, la lactancia materna combinada, así como la lengua protáctil y la succión digital como hábitos bucales deformantes. Se concluye que la lactancia materna combinada ocasionó la aparición de dichos hábitos, lo que unido al poco desarrollo transversal de los maxilares podría relacionarse con el origen de las maloclusiones.

A descriptive and cross-sectional study of 106 school children with 5-6 years from "José de la Luz y Caballero" primary school, Contramaestre municipality was carried out from November, 2010 to January, 2011, with the objective of evaluating the influence of breast feeding in the occurrence of malocclusions, for which variables of interest were analyzed for the investigation. Female sex, the combined breast feeding, as well as the protactile tongue and the digital suction as deforming oral habits prevailed in the series. It is concluded that combined breast feeding caused the occurrence of these habits, what could be related to the origin of the malocclusions, together to the small traverse development of upper and lower jaws.

Hábitos bucales deformantes en niños de 5 a 11 años / Deforming oral habits in 5-11 years children

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal de 86 niños de 5-11 años de edad con hábitos bucales deformantes, quienes pertenecían al área de salud del Policlínico Universitario No. 3 "René Vallejo Ortiz" de Manzanillo, Granma, en el período comprendido de enero a junio del 2013, a fin de identificar dichas costumbres nocivas y sus manifestaciones bucales en este grupo etario, para lo cual se consideraron las variables: edad, sexo, principales hábitos y características clínicas; las que fueron relacionadas y analizadas estadísticamente. Entre los resultados sobresalientes figuraron el sexo femenino, la edad de 9 años y los hábitos succión digital y lengua protráctil; asimismo, los varones presentaron con mayor frecuencia más de un hábito bucal deformante, fundamentalmente en la edad de 9 años, y la característica clínica preponderante en ambos sexos fue la versión vestibular de los incisivos superiores.

A descriptive and cross-sectional study of eighty six 5-11 years children with deforming oral habits who belonged to the health area from "René Vallejo Ortiz" No.3 University Polyclinic, Granma was carried out in the period from January to June, 2013, in order to identify these noxious habits and their oral manifestations in this age group, for which the variables: age, sex, main habits and clinical characteristics were considered; that were statistically related and analyzed. Among the excellent results there were the female sex, 9 years age and the habits digital suction and protractile tongue; likewise, males presented more frequently more than one deforming oral habit, mainly in the 9 years, and the predominant clinical characteristic in both sexes was the vestibular version of the upper incisors.

Contexto familiar, má oclusão e hábitos bucais em pré-escolares residentes em áreas da Estratégia Saúde da Família em Salvador, Bahia, Brasil / Family context, malocclusion and oral habits in preschool children living in areas assisted by Family Health Strategy, Salvador, State of Bahia, Brazil

Introdução: As más oclusões são anomalias bucais frequentes entre os pré-escolares e os hábitos bucais deletérios são considerados um dos seus principais fatores etiológicos. Objetivo: Descrever a prevalência e os fatores associados à má oclusão na dentição decídua, além de analisar a associação entre transtornos mentais comuns maternos e hábitos bucais deletérios em pré-escolares residentes em áreas da Estratégia Saúde da Família de Salvador-BA. Material e método: Quinhentas e vinte e oito crianças com idade entre 18 e 48 meses participaram deste estudo de corte transversal, que avaliou a ocorrência de má oclusão e entrevistou suas mães, de julho a dezembro de 2007. Análise multivariada foi realizada utilizando-se análise de regressão logística não condicional e a Razão de Prevalência foi obtida mediante a regressão de Poisson robusta. Resultado: A prevalência de má oclusão foi de 35,98% e, dentre os fatores que se associaram a esta ocorrência, destacam-se: tempo de aleitamento materno (RP = 2,43, IC 95% 1,77 3,34) e hábitos bucais deletérios (RP = 7,94, IC 95% 5,36 11,76). Estes se associaram com os distúrbios mentais maternos (RP bruta = 1,36, IC 95% 1,09 1,69) e, entre as mães com mais de dois filhos, esta associação foi ainda maior (RP ajustada  =  1,72, IC 95% 1,15 2,57). Conclusão: Transtornos mentais maternos associam-se à ocorrência dos hábitos bucais deletérios, cuja causalidade necessita ser mais bem investigada, levando-se em conta o contexto familiar.

Introduction: Malocclusions are oral anomalies frequent among preschool children, and deleterious oral habits are considered a major etiological factor. Objective: To describe the prevalence and factors associated to malocclusion in deciduous teeth and to analyze the association between common mother?s mental disorders and deleterious oral habits in preschool children living in areas assisted by Family Health Strategy in Salvador, State of Bahia. Method: Five hundred twenty eight children with ages between 18 and 48 months participated in this cross-sectional study, which evaluated malocclusion and interviewed their mothers, from July to December 2007. Multivariate analysis was carried out using unconditional logistic regression and the Prevalence Ratio was obtained by robust Poisson regression analysis. Result: The prevalence of malocclusion was of 35.98% and among the factors that were related to this effect, are duration of breastfeeding (PR = 2.43, CI 95% 1.77 3.34) and deleterious oral habits (PR = 7.94, CI 95% 5.36 11.76). These factors were associated with mother?s mental disorders (PR crude = 1.36, CI 95% 1.09 1.69), and among mothers of more than 2 children, this association was even bigger (PR adjusted = 1.72, CI 95% 1.15 2.57). Conclusion: Mother's mental disorders were associated to the occurrence of deleterious oral habits, which causality needs to be better investigated taking into account the family context.

Levantamento epidemiológico dos hábitos bucais e sua associação com as más-oclusões em pré-escolares de três a cinco anos de idade / Epidemiology evaluation of the oral habits and their association with the malocclusions in children between 3 to 5 years old

O objetivo deste estudo transversal foi verificar a presença de hábitos bucais em crianças na faixa etária de três a cinco anos, de ambos os gêneros, no estágio de dentadura decídua, matriculados em pré-escolas municipais e associá-los com oclusão normal e má-oclusão por meio do teste estatístico do qui-quadrado. Para tanto,foi utilizado um questionário sobre hábitos bucais para ser respondido pelos pais e realizado exame clínico nestas crianças, a fim de avaliara presença de mordida aberta anterior, mordida cruzada posterior e sobressaliência acentuada. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que o hábito de sucção de chupeta e a mordida aberta anterior se destacaram neste estudo, assim como, a influência da amamentação natural como meio de prevenção para o desenvolvimento de más-oclusões.

The aim of this transversal study will be to determine the presence of oral habits in children from 3 to 5years-old, both gender,at mixed dentition stage, enrolled at municipal preschools. Also, oral habits was associated with normal ar malocclusion through chi-square statistical testo Therefore, a questionnaire on oral habits was responded by the children's parents and these children was submitted to oral examination for assessing the presence of anterior open bite, posterior crossbite, and marked overjet. The results showed that pacifier: sucking and anterior open bite were highlight in this study, as soon as, the natural breast-feeding as help preventive to development malocclusion.

Relação entre bruxismo, fatores oclusais e hábitos bucais / The relationship between bruxism, occlusal factors and oral habits

OBJETIVO: avaliar a relação entre bruxismo, fatores oclusais e hábitos bucais em crianças e adolescentes, alunos da rede pública da cidade de Brasília/DF. MÉTODOS: um grupo de 680 escolares, de ambos os gêneros, na faixa etária de 4 a 16 anos, foi aleatoriamente selecionado. Os dados foram coletados através da avaliação clínica e da aplicação de questionários aos responsáveis pelos alunos. Os aspectos morfológicos da oclusão foram avaliados segundo a classificação de Angle e critérios para a dentadura decídua, de Foster e Hamilton (1969). As mordidas cruzadas anterior e posterior, uni ou bilateral, foram avaliadas. O teste qui-quadrado, a Odds Ratio e o software SPSS foram utilizados para análise estatística. RESULTADOS E CONCLUSÕES: 592 questionários retornaram de maneira completa. A prevalência de bruxismo foi de 43 por cento, enquanto 57 por cento apresentaram má oclusão. Os hábitos bucais foram observados em 53 por cento. A prevalência de má oclusão aumentou de 42,6 por cento na dentadura decídua para 74,4 por cento na dentadura permanente. A avaliação dos resultados indicou que não houve relação estatisticamente significativa entre o bruxismo e os fatores oclusais estudados (p > 0,05). Não foram encontradas diferenças entre os gêneros em ambas as variáveis. A onicofagia foi o hábito mais prevalente (35 por cento) com preferência para o gênero feminino. Houve relação estatisticamente significativa entre bruxismo e hábitos bucais. Avaliando os tipos específicos de hábitos, apenas a sucção de chupeta se mostrou relacionada ao bruxismo. Estudos adicionais serão necessários para melhor compreensão dos fatores locais na gênese do bruxismo.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluating the relationship between bruxism, occlusal factors and oral habits in children and adolescent subjects, students from public schools in Brasília-Federal District city. METHODS: A group of 680 students, of both genders, average age 4 - 16 years, were randomly selected. Data was collected by clinical evaluation and questionnaires replied by the responsible for the students. The occlusion morphological aspects were evaluated according to Angle classification and following a criteria created for the deciduous dentition, according to Foster and Hamilton (1969). Uni or bilateral posterior and anterior crossbites were evaluated. The chi-square test, the Odds Ratio and the SPSS software were used for the statistic analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: 592 questionnaires were fulfilled completely. Bruxism had a prevalence of 43 percent, whilst 57 percent presented malocclusion. Oral habits were observed in 53 percent. The prevalence of a malocclusion increased from 42.6 percent in the deciduous dentition to 74.4 percent in the permanent dentition. The evaluation of the results showed that there was no statistically significant relationship between bruxism and the studied occlusal factors (p > 0.05). Differences were not found between genders in both variables. Onicofagy was the most frequent habit (35 percent), mainly in the female subjects. There was a statistically significant relationship between bruxism and oral habits. Evaluating the specific types of habits, just pacifier sucking showed to be related to the bruxism. Additional studies will be necessary for a better understanding of the local origin of bruxism.